Nighthawks – Creative Writing

The night is velvet black. The streetlights are switched off; a would be cold dank street is illuminated by the fluorescent beam of the all-night diner, which watches the street, glancing through my window, an apartment above the hardware store. It could've disturbed my slumber but I wasn't in. I hadn't been in for a long time and tonight, I sat in the diner, a safe haven for vagrants and nomads. I'm alone. There are two other customers in the diner and a bartender but I'm alone. My body needs sleep but my mind won't allow it; it's been a long day. I must have travelled for several hours but I can't recall a second on the road. My head is a train station of thoughts, coming and going. As I peer upwards I'm forced to squint; the vibrant light burns my eyes from under my hat. From what I can see of the place's inhabitants, it's the most alive thing in here tonight, dancing along the oak veneer counter and blazing into the bottom of my cup, creating a reflection. I gaze into my own eyes. The man I see is not the man I am; he's grotesque with vile features and battle scar-like wrinkles. He's definitely not the man who woke up the previous morning in Baltimore in a fully occupied double bed. I've had countless Irish coffees but my mind still feels sober. The kid behind the counter looks at me tentatively for the usual impersonal small talk, attempting to catch my empty eyes. I resist, he doesn't remember me. His mother used to run this place but she's probably long dead. Besides, I'm not here to remember. I'm here to forget. It was a rough Manhattan neighbourhood but the street was as clean as any up town, to me this was largely because of the diner. It protected a once dim noisome street and brought together the community. Back when I was just an ignorant wiseacre before it all started, before the epiphany that was meeting her. I am awoken back to consciousness by the hushed whispers of the couple opposite, who look uneasy and not just because this apparent hobo is eyeballing them, there was something else, something deeper. I guess they too must have their reasons for not being at home, tucked up in bed. The man was young and handsome with wired caffeine-powered eyes; I'd seen him a thousand times before waltzing around up town in a suit. I can't tell whether he's paying for his company or not, I'm guessing not because if I was I'd demand a refund, she seems more interested in her hands than his voice, gazing intensely as if reading her palms, deeply occupied in her thoughts. She feels my stare. I'd better look away and play it cool but I can't. Even as she gazes back, I'm lost. She sends me a plaintive smile but I remain emotionless. I can tell she's still thinking hard of other things, half-heartedly raising a cigarette to her rouged lips, barely bothering to inhale. I watch its lacklustre droop for what feels like hours. She's entranced me. They always do this. She always does this. I bring my refilled cup back to my lips not letting anything slip to the broad. I remain motionless, my insides decomposing; she's not scared of me but childishly curious. She's attractive in obvious ways but her true beauty is esoteric, only I who have known her for so long could understand. We both maintain this level of equanimity as my eyes are starting to leak. I can't tell whether it's for lack of sleep or that I haven't blinked in many minutes. It's neither; I realise as that pain in my stomach that urged me to drive all this way home is becoming more tolerable. The drink only shielded me temporarily but my emotions are now releasing themselves all over the counter and into my half empty cup. She either doesn't mind or notice but I terminate my tears anyway. The suit next to her grabs her coat. â€Å"D'you wanna' get outta' here?† He can't have seen me. She'll make a fool out of him. She humours these lowlifes but I always know she'll be mine at the end of the night even if she makes me doubt it sometimes. â€Å"Yeah, sure. I've just been waiting for you.† I don't understand. â€Å"Why didn't you say so?† â€Å"Because I didn't want you following me home.† Of course, always one step ahead of me. He storms passed me muttering vulgar terms, I hear â€Å"slut† and would hurt him but I've long since learnt that's not what she wants. I look back to her. She is now standing. In a matter of seconds she's brushing passed my chair ignoring me, she's changed her perfume; she's changed her appearance. She's left me again but I still love her. I've loved her from the moment I set eyes on her in this very diner. I loved her when we settled down near her parents in South Baltimore, Maryland. I loved her when she told me why we weren't physically intimate and I loved her for years until the inevitable happened today. Until it happened today. I see her face on every blonde I've seen since and I don't doubt I will for a while. The barman looks suggestively at the clock. I've overstayed my welcome. My sojourn is over; tomorrow I must return to my new home. I glance up at the old apartment and the lights inside are on. I can still make out the other two figures on opposite sides of the street but I'm alone. I feel even together in the diner, we were all alone.

Family Unit in the Grapes of Wrath Essay

I dedicate this humble work to those whose blood runs in my veins; to my dearly loved parents and to: my dearest sisters all fundamental B.A student all my delighted and respected English teachers all those who will read this modest research paper ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I’m foremost grateful to my supervisor Dr. YASSINE Rachida whose guidance and continual encouragement have efficaciously helped towards the fulfillment of this modest research paper. I would like also to thank deeply whose efforts in class room opened my eyes and inspired the idea and the subject of this research paper, namely: Mr. ELHAMRI Rachid. I would like as well to express my deep feelings of gratitude to my little precious family that supported me to achieve where I am today and still supporting me to the fullest, bearing in mind my treasured friends for their ongoing moral support. Finally, my thanks are devoted to all the students of the department of English at Ibn Zohr University for their appreciated suggestions while this research was under preparation. INTRODUCTION: As most of critics refer to it, The Grapes of Wrath is a master piece written by john Steinbeck, a great American writer who wrote some of the best American stories ever. This novel tells the story of the Joads, an example of what happened to families that lived in Oklahoma during the 1930s. Because of drought, dust storms, and the death of crops, the landowners had to kick the farmers off from their lands. In order to live, thousands of people moved westward and left their homes deserted for new chances of life. On their way to California, they faced many difficulties; some of them lost family members because of starvation and tiredness, and some women brought new born babies to life, and some children stole food from other’s camps in order to eat and feed their dying families. When people reached California  with big dreams, ambitions and aspirations, they found out that it was not as they expected, life is harder there if not saying worst than the one they already live, crowds of poor, hungry and unemployed people staying in government camps waiting for salvation or even death, hopes and dreams were broken, many decided to go back and die in their home towns. Despite some of them had a chance to work, the wages were too low to feed a family of more than eight members. At that point in time, working class people were considered as slaves and pigs for the rich class, their struggles against the current is described by Steinbeck as a â€Å"turtle crossing the road†. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck tells us what kind of struggle the Joads confronted during their journey to live an ordinary life or more, a better one. In this Research paper I’m going to focus my attention on the concept of â€Å"family† itself and the strong union between the members of the Joads as the main drive that kept them going and fighting against all odds for their freedom and right of life thanks to â€Å"Ma† the strong, sturdy woman who is the moral center of family. This last point is what stroke me and motivated this research paper’s choice of topic, therefore my aim is to inspect first of all the importance of family in our day of age and how does individualism affects its unity and brings it down, then secondly, I will show you the example of this family unit through the work of John Steinbeck; The Grapes of Wrath by revealing everything that helped to keep the them bonded and united through the whole way to California and when they rea ched it. PART I: Family vs. Individualism Family in the light of individualism became more complicated and more separated than ever. In the last few centuries western families were characterized by the strength of their unity that ties them together and keep them close to each other as one vital entity that functions properly in the society, but with the rise of the ideology of individualism, family members started to break up from the usual structure and start a whole different one that is based on new principles, norms and a whole new ideas about the concept of family. The aim of this chapter is to discuss; Firstly, the distinction between collectivism and individualism with taking into consideration family as a model of collectivism, secondly to make difference  between traditional and new modern family structure in the western societies. Finally, to show how individualism affects in a negative way the unity that bonds western families. 1- Family and individualism The family institution is essentially the most important part in our society. Without the family, our society would not be able to function the way it is supposed to. Thus, how can we define the word â€Å"family†? The definitions of family are as diverse as families themselves and the situations they are found in. I shall then begin with defining this concept in a more general way. Family is the basic social unit because it represents people living together by ties of blood, marriage or adaptation, thus representing a single household. According to sociology, the family has the primary function of reproducing society; biologically, socially, or both. Furthermore, there are various structures of a family based on the relationship shared between parents and their children. Therefore, different types of family can be distinguished from the nature of this relationship, such as patrifocal family, where the family consists of a father and his child, Matrifocal Family, where the fam ily consists of a mother and her child. Consanguineal family is one which consists of the mother, the child and other people, mainly belonging to the family of the mother1. In most societies, Family is the principal institution for the socialization of children. And this institution might be based on the traditional concept of family or on the new version of it; each one of them has its own principles and characteristics which I’m going to show in detail later in the next following section. In addition to that, Family is considered as the best example of the idea of collectivism which some few cultures are still characterized by. In contrast, there is an opposing concept which is totally different from it which is the concept of individualism that means the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses the moral worth of the individual2. Hofstede explains it by asserting that in the individualist cultures people are autonomous and independent from their in-groups; they give priority to their  personal goals over the goals of their in-groups, they behave primarily on the basis of their attitudes rather than the norms of their in-groups, and exchange theory adequately predicts their social behavior3. In other words, individualists believe in one’s own interests, goals, freedom and independence and according to the German sociologist Ulrich Beck individualism has become the social structure of the era we are living in today. Life of individuals is characterized by choice where in previous generations no such choices existed. he clarified this by saying that the â€Å"Maintenance of the family link is no longer a matter of course but a freely chosen act. In the situation following a divorce, kinship is worked out anew in accordance with the laws of choice and personal inclination†4. Nowadays, in western societies many families has became totally modernized, In other words, they are infected by the individualistic ideology that keeps children away from their parents and helps to destroy the family unit that we really need in this day and age exactly as it used to be very essential centuries ago, for example, in the 20 th century precisely in the age of the great depression, family unit was a very important characteristic in the lifestyle of western families in order to maintain survival and endurance through the worst economic â€Å"Family†. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 25 Jun 2012. Web. 28 JUN 2012. . 2 â€Å"individualism†. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica., 2012. Web. 28 Jun. 2012 . 3 Greet Hofstede, Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001), p. 909 4 Beck Ulrich and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization (London: Sage, 2001), p. 96  crisis of all time. Now the question is which one is characterized by unity, the traditional family or the new modern one? 2- Traditional vs. New Modern family At the present time, the traditional family structure no longer exists in the modern western world. It’s not surprising that the modern family structure has substituted it instead. In this section of my research paper, I’m going to focus on the differences between these two contradictory family structures by highlighting three major characteristics (the size, the head of the family and the discipline) In order to show in which one the concept of â€Å"unity† appears most. Let’s begin with the size. The Size is one main feature in comparing the two structures; hence, traditional families appear to be larger than modern families. Usually they are more than ten members in their families, whereas modern families have only three to four members. Also Traditional families always live with their relatives and have a lot of children in one big house, which is the reason why they are big families. Concerning their work, Most of traditional families are farmers. They can work at their farms and fields; consequently, they don’t employ additional farmers in order of saving money. In contrast, modern families don’t need anyone to help them in their work because they work in the office. They only have one or two children and don’t live with their relatives; this last difference affects modern families because they will not be acquainted with their relatives, as traditional families do. They only meet them on special occasions, such as birthdays and New Year. For example, children will not get used to their grandparents because they only meet them in few times per year. They will not respect them as much as they should have. Another difference between traditional families and modern families is the head of family. Men are always head of traditional families. Women usually take care of children at home, whereas men work outside. Women and children must listen and follow whatever men tell them, they should obey him and do whate ver it was demanded to be done. Men have the power to order members of their families to do everything, even if they don’t like to do. Modern families don’t have the head of family because women and men are considered to be equal. Both women and men work outside. They share ideas with each other. Women and children don’t obey the men’s orders if they think their orders aren’t correct. Women and children can decide by themselves. For example, women work outside, as men do. When she comes home,  she doesn’t do the house work alone because she needs her husband to help her in doing it. The last difference is discipline. Traditional families have many rules that are respected by all the members of the family. Most parents of traditional families are strict because they have a lot of children to look after. It is only women who take care of children at home, so they need to have a lot of rules to control them. On the other hand, modern families have few rules to control their children. Parents of modern families work outside. They don’t have enough time to take care of their children, so they don’t have time to make rules also. Instead they hire someone to look after their children while they’re working outside. This difference actually affects modern families because their children will always make problems to gain attention from their parents. For example, children don’t go to school because they want their parents to ask them why they do this. They want their parents to talk to them. Through these three important differences, we can notice the development of family system from the past until now and it’s only confirming the idea that states: â€Å"when societies change, families also change and both good and bad things change†. We can also notice that traditional families are more collective and social so that we can sense the aspect of unity in it, whereas modern families are more individualistic and independent and it lacks family unity in all its aspects. But the other question is how this individualistic attitude affects the family unit? 3- The effect of Individualism on the family unit Much has been said about the family and the future of family in the so-called postmodern world we are living in today. As it was said before Individualism has become the social structure of this present era; Life of individuals is characterized by two major features: the first one is the moral appreciation of individualism and the second one is the opportunity and capability to choose. These two main characteristics were rarely found in the previous generations. Talking about the previous generations for example before and during the great depression era, all families were mainly traditional because they living all together in one place as one entity; Grandfather and Grandmother with the children of their  children in one big house probably with a farm and some corn fields or at least a vast land to work on later, the idea here is that, the group had control over the individual in everything. Nowadays, the individualistic attitudes affected the concept of â€Å"family† by leading it to a gradual change in its structure and the principles it was built on. Individualists or as they call themselves modernists today tend to have a unique way of thinking and a special way in looking to things and life in general. They also have their own way of looking to â€Å"family† as a social institution. But their selfish attitudes prevented them to see to what extent they affect it negatively, Etzioni argues that the surge in individual rights conflicts with the needs of community. He added that Individualism would destruct vital institutions such as family and neighborhood, and thereby create misery5. in other words this effect begins when certain members – especially grown children – of the same family when they become aware of their own preferences and abilities to have a better life as an independent unity in the society to which they belong. This certain beginning leads to the ultimate break up from the original family then from the society into another atmosphere of living life with new ways of thinking about the whole social institutions particularly the one of â€Å"family†. During the great depression era, families needed to be united and gathered as one body, any break up in that unity led to the collapse of the entire family. My aim behind this general study of family in the shadow of individualism is to illustrate how important family unit in the novel of the grapes of wrath is. I shall make this clearer in the second part where I’m going to focus deeply on the concept of family in this novel in which Steinbeck portrays the value of being united in the era of The Great Depression. In the previous part, I discussed generally the concept of Family and the one of individualism. I discussed as well the difference between the traditional and the modern structure of family. Afterwards, I examined how individualism can affect the traditional family and how it tries to modify its structure in order to modernize it. However, the traditional family remains the best structure in all circumstances, because it keeps family members as one group as we will see in the novel of John Steinbeck; The Grapes of Wrath. The Family is the key of survival in this Nobel Prize winner masterpiece. Without each other, the Joads would have no way of coping with the loss of their land or of getting to California. Family is the one weapon that the Joads have against the cold, bitter world around them. They, along with many other migrant workers, learn that they are stronger and safer when they stay with each other as one unit and when they reach out to other families in order of creating a sense of community. Therefore, my research paper topic will be developed efficiently by giving answers to these following questions: Who are the Joads? What is The Great Depression and what is its effect on the Joads? How did they survive? Is it their strong unit of family or because of some other reasons? These questions and more are going to be answered in this chapter in details to show how family unit is important for the Joads in the era of the great depression as a reaction against the crisis and the greediness of the upper class of the 1930s. 1. Introducing The Joads Before dealing in details with the â€Å"family unit† itself in this novel, we should first get acquainted with a traditional family that survived thanks to their strong unity, it’s The Joads family. In this section I’m going to introduce all the family members who played a great role  of maintaining and keeping the whole family as one unit through their journey to California. So, who are the Joads? The Joads is a family of twelve members from deferent generations; Tom Joad, Ma Joad, Pa Joad, rose of Sharon and her husband Connie, Grandma Joad, Grandpa Joad, Al Joad, Noah Joad, Uncle John, Ruthie Joad, and Winfield Joad. Let me first introduce the ones who kept the family as one unit: Tom Joad: The book’s central character, and Ma and Pa Joad’s preferred son. Tom is goodnatured and thoughtful man. Even though he murdered a man and has been separated from his family for four years, he does not waste his time with regrets. He lives fully for the present moment, which enables him to be a great source of vitality for the Joad family. A wise guide and fierce protector, Tom exhibits a moral certainty throughout the novel that imbues him with strength and resolve: he earns the awed respect of his family members as well as the workers he later organizes into unions. Ma Joad: The mother of the Joad family. Ma is introduced as a woman who knowingly and gladly fulfills her role as â€Å"the citadel of the family.† She is the healer of the family’s ills and the arbiter of its arguments, and her ability to perform these tasks grows as the novel progresses. Pa Joad: Ma Joad’s husband and Tom’s father. Pa Joad is an Oklahoma tenant farmer who has been evicted from his farm. A plainspoken, good-hearted man, Pa directs the effort to take the family to California. Once there, unable to find work and increasingly desperate, Pa finds himself looking to Ma Joad for strength and leadership, though he sometimes feels ashamed of his weaker position. Rose of Sharon: The oldest of Ma and Pa Joad’s daughters, and Connie’s wife. An impractical and romantic young woman, Rose of Sharon begins the journey to California pregnant with her first child. She and Connie have grand notions of making a life for themselves in a city. The harsh realities of migrant life soon disabuse Rose of Sharon of these ideas, however. Her husband abandons her, and her child is born dead. By the end of the novel, she matures  considerably, and possesses, the reader learns with surprise, something of her mother’s indomitable spirit and grace. Grandpa Joad: Tom Joad’s grandfather. The founder of the Joad farm, Grandpa is now old and infirm. Once possessed of a cruel and violent temper, Grandpa’s wickedness is now limited almost exclusively to his tongue. Grandma Joad: Granma is a pious Christian, who loves casting hellfire and damnation in her husband’s direction. Her health deteriorates quickly after Grandpa’s death; she dies just after the family reaches California. Al Joad: Tom’s younger brother, a sixteen-year-old boy obsessed with cars and girls. Al is vain and arrogant but an extremely competent mechanic, and his expertise proves vital in bringing the Joads, as well as the Wilsons, to California. When he falls in love with a girl named Agnes Wainwright at a cotton plantation where they are working, he decides to stay with her rather than leaving with his family. Uncle John: Tom’s uncle, who, years ago, refused to fetch a doctor for his pregnant wife when she complained of stomach pains. He has never forgiven himself for her death, and he often dwells heavily on the negligence he considers a sin. Ruthie Joad: The second and younger Joad daughter. Winfield Joad: At the age of ten, Winfield is the youngest of the Joad children. Ma worries for his well-being, fearing that without a proper home he will grow up to be wild and rootless. Two characters left the family because of their selfish dreams and their individualistic attitude; they represent in my own interpretation the individual type that does not believe in the ideology of the strength of the traditional family, they simply give up their role among their family by trying to find their own happiness without the help of any one. They are: 12 Connie: Rose of Sharon’s husband, an unrealistic dreamer who abandons the Joads after they reach California. Noah Joad: Tom’s older brother. He leaves his family behind at a stream near the California border, telling Tom that he feels his parents do not love him as much as they love the other children. There’s also one other character who accompanied the Joads through their way to California; Jim Casy: A former preacher who gave up his duty out of a belief that all human experience is holy. He’s the moral voice of the novel, Casy articulates many of its most important themes, among them the sanctity  of the people and the essential unity of all mankind. Therefore, we feel that Jim is almost a member of the Joads6. This brief introduction of the Joads family paints in our minds a wonderful image of a perfect family unit, also through reading the story, we feel like they can’t never be separated, even if some of their family members ran away and others died, they seem to be related deeply to each other; for example, through the whole journey uncle john still blames himself for letting his wife die because of his negligence, another example of their strong relationships to each other is when they reached California, they all kept wishing if grandma and grandpa were still alive to see it. Now, what’s the cause that made some members of the Joads ran away and leave their family and made others die? 2. The Great Depression and its effect on the Joads family In the story of The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads were Going west on Route 66 towards California, on their way, they encountered many barriers and difficulties, the worst one was the death of two family members; along the road, Grandpa died and was buried in a camp 6 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Grapes of Wrath.† SparkNotes LLC. 2007. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/grapesofwrath/characters.html (accessed June 26, 2012).  where they stopped for a while, Also Grandma died close to the California state line, and both Noah and Connie split from the family and ran away. The remaining members, led by Ma, realized they have no choice but to go on, as there is nothing remaining for them in Oklahoma. In other words, the cause that made them leave their home is the same one that affected them and caused to some of them death and others to run away; it’s The Great Depression and all the sorrows it brought to the American families. The Great Depression era was an awfully challenging period for the American  family, the effects of The Great Depression, both during and after, seriously impacted the structure, finances, and employment of the American family unit. What was known as â€Å"The Dust Bowl† pushed thousands of immigrants to leave their homes to other states, especially California State, and made them obliged to find a humble job with an average wage to live a simple life and survive during the economic crisis that broke their life to pieces by causing more starvation, poverty and death7. The Joads are one of the thousands of victims in the Great Depression era. First of all, they had to leave their home and the whole state of Oklahoma to the state of California because of the dust that transformed their farms from fruitful fields to dust yards, as a result of that, food was very hard for poor people to get so that they had to fight for it, in addition to that, jobs became extremely scarce and the land owners had to push out the tenants farmer from their lands, this is what exactly happened to the Joads, the responsible authorities obliged them to leave their land and home town, therefore, they sold what they’ve already got, and bought an old decrepit truck which they are going to use as their transportation on their way to California, the second effect of what happened in the great depression was on family itself; a traditional family are known by its strong union and unity, exactly like the Joads family, but what happened in that disappointing era has split many families and destroyed their unity, only strong ones survived but with many losses and sacrifices; The Joads finally gathered after the return of their son Tom from the penitentiary,  they already decided to leave Oklahoma, on their way to California, they faced many troubles, and they witnessed their family fall apart many times  because of the bitter realty and the cold hearted people they encountered during their trip, grandpa died of old age and also grandma died of sickness by feeling sorry for her old poor husband who didn’t want to leave to California in the first place, he decided not to go there in the last minutes while they were packing their needs and getting ready to leave. Feeling abandoned by the family, Noah left also the family as Connie did for their selfish dreams and aspirations. By reaching California, the Joads became shocked and disappointed by the reality of the place they’ve sacrificed everything they got to be in it. The situation there is just the same as the one in Oklahoma if not saying it’s worse than Oklahoma. Finally, after a long while and through many impediments, The Joads reached California with numerous dreams and ambitions, but they faced the unforeseen and witnessed the unexpected; the realty tells a different story and the ideal golden California was just a fantasy, the hand bell that brought them there worth nothing at all, but did they lost their hope of living a happy life as a happy family? Did they give up all their dreams and aspirations? These questions have answers in the last section of this Part. 3. The unity and the strength of the Joads In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck portrays the theme of Joads’ strength through their unity in order to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of migrant people. Steinbeck also aims to prove to us that the unity of the traditional family is the only motivation that drove the rest of the Joads to California and helped them to stand in front of any obstacle that they faced in their quest to a better life. 15 â€Å"The family became a unit [†¦] Pa was the head of the family now.†8 The use of the past tense in this quote tells us that Pa was taking control of the family. As It is always known, the father is the head of the traditional family, but what is really striking in this novel is that pa became so weak  to take control over it, so Ma Joad, the pillar of the Joads took his place and led the family towards California for a better life by making the right decisions and reacting against anyone who attempts to break the family apart. Before the journey, Ma Joad was just one voice among many in making group decisions. As the novel progresses, she becomes more dominant. She decides when they will stop or go on9. Ma Joad was described by Steinbeck as the â€Å"citadel of the family, the strong place that could not be taken† (100), she seems to be the source of hope to all the members of the family, if it wasn’t for her, the rest of the family would never reach a s far as they got, even though some members lost their hope and became overwhelmed by despair, Ma’s determination encouraged and motivated them to carry on also she taught them to never give up and never be away from the family. The nature of her relationship to other members of the family differs from one to another. Her favorite one is her relationship to her desired and beloved son; The arrival of Tom also revived the unity of family, she lost him once when he was in prison, then she became so happy when he got paroled and came in the appropriate time to move with his family to California. By the end of the story she accepted his loss for the sake of the rest of the family, she was so afraid that cops would take him back to jail then she let him run away with a broken heart. For Ma Joad, family is everything, from the beginning of the story until the end, all what she cared about was the unity of her family. ‘We got nothing’, now,’ Pa said †¦ ‘Seems our life is over and done!’ ‘No it ain’t, ‘ Ma smiled. ‘it ain’t, Pa. An’ that’s one more thing a woman knows. Women. I noticed that. Man, he lives in jerks – baby born, an’ a man dies, an’ that’s a jerk.Women, it’s all one flow, li ke a stream, little eddies, little waterfalls, but the river, it goes right on. Women looks at it like that. We ain’t gonna die out. People is goin’ on-changin’ a little, maybe, but goin’ right on!† (577) She saw her family falling down but she acted rapidly and pulled it up before it touched the ground. She consistently proves to be the novel’s strongest supporter of family and togetherness. In other words, when we first met Ma Joad, she was a strong woman. When we saw her in the very last chapter, she was the same strong woman. We didn’t think it possible, but her strength only grows throughout the course of the novel. In fact, her initial strength is transformed into a different one. We can’t really pinpoint exactly what is this new kind of strength, but we know it’s the one who kept the rest of the family together until the end. Furthermore Steinbeck presents Ma Joad’s growing power as a source of communal strength sheltering human dignity from the antisocial effects of individualism 10. On their way to California the family continued to meet obstacle after obstacle, it seems like Pa Joad did not quite know how to keep it together. But Ma Joad knew how to do it. Thanks to her strength again, and when they reached California Ma Joad was the only one who didn’t feel shocked, because she knew it from the beginning before no one else did, her only objective is to keep the family together, she told them that all what matters is that they are together and no one can separate them from each other, her belief in this unity is so pure and strong, and that’s what made her so special as a women belonging to a traditional family. In this part, I dealt with many aspects in treating the concept of family in the respected work of John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath†, the essential step to understand how he dealt with it in his novel is firstly to introduce all the members of the joads one by one and understand their roles in this work, secondly it’s important to deal with the concept of family by discussing how the great depression affected it and showing an example of a strong family that resisted that impact by being so strong and focusing on the family unit such as the Joads Family, then finally, I dealt with showing you the source of strength of the Joads: the fountain of wisdom and  knowledge and the center of strength Ma Joad. CONCLUSION: In drawing conclusions for this study, I shall start summarizing what was said since the first page of my research paper beginning with the first part in which I emphasized the most important institution in our society which family that is also the main issue of this paper. I started by defining it along with another challenging concept which is individualism that affected negatively the family institution and made it lose its traditional values and acquire new modern thoughts and opinions about family in general. This prelude to the main issue of my research paper is made necessarily to help understanding these two different concepts before dealing with their appearances in the novel of Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath in which I concentrated on the theme of â€Å"family unit†. In the second part, I developed this theme in details by introducing first of all the main characters of this story in order to understand each one’s role in the changing of events, and then I talked briefly about the Great Depression era by acknowledging it and showing its strong effect on the traditional family structure. Then finally I discussed the center and source of strength that helped the Joads to get through their problematic journey and achieve their destination without falling apart when they faced the bitter truth and after making many sacrifices that hurt every one of them especially Ma Joad, the pillar of the Joad family. Taking seriously what was going on during that depressed era and how did this family survived, is really what we need to do in our days of age, in other words, families must be united if they want to survive and live life properly. REFERENCES: Bibliography: Beck Ulrich and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization. London: Sage, 2001. Cederstorm, Lorelei. The great mother in the Grapes of Wrath. Canada: Brandon University, 1993. Etzioni, Amitai. The spirit of community: The reinvention of American society. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. Hofstede, Greet. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Modern Library, 1939. Steinbeck, John and Harold Bloom, ed. The Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations†. Chelsea House Publishers, 2006. Webliography: â€Å"Family†. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 25 Jun 2012. Web. 24 JUN 2012. . â€Å"Individualism†. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica., 2012. Web. 24 Jun. 2012 . Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath†Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 24 Jun. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Grapes of Wrath.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 26 Jun. 2012.

Euthanasia Is Not The Active Death Of A Patient - 1359 Words

Euthanasia comes from the Greek words, Eu, meaning good, and thanatosis meaning death. This means ‘Good death,’ ‘Gentle and easy death.’ It is also the word has come to be used for ‘Mercy killing.’ In this sense Euthanasia means the active death of a patient. In today’s society euthanasia has become very controversial on whether or not it is classified as a good action to take for suffering patients of painful and incurable diseases or an irreversible coma. The video I just showed you was an ad that has been banned in Australia for the very reason of supporting and advocating Euthanasia. The government is against Euthanasia and leaving people to suffer in excruciating pain or to find other means of peace, which more than often leads to†¦show more content†¦This decision is made by another person because the patient is incapable of to doing so himself/herself. There are also two different procedural classifications; these are Passive and Active Euthanasia. Passive is when life-sustaining treatments are withheld. For example if a doctor prescribes increasing does of strong painkillers which may eventually be toxic for the patient, some may argue whether passive Euthanasia is taking place. In most cases, the doctor’s m easures are seen as a passive one. On the other hand Active Euthanasia is the use of lethal substances or forces which then gets used to end the patient’s life. Active Euthanasia includes life-ending actions conducted by the patient or somebody else. There have been several attempts to legalise Euthanasia in certain parts of Australia, however it is currently still unlawful. Lobby groups opposing the issue and associated arguments: There are many arguments opposing Euthanasia, but the main lobby group is the Australian Christian Lobby (ACL). Their vision is to see the Christian Principles influencing the way we are governed, do business, and relate to each other as a community. ACL facilitates professional engagement and dialogue between church and state, allowing the voice of the church and of the individual Christians to be heard in the public square. Jim Wallace the deputy Chairman of the Australian Christian Lobby stated in an interview on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ that â€Å"†¦.† Other arguments opposing Euthanasia is that

Top Guide of Business Management Essay Topics

Top Guide of Business Management Essay Topics The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. If you're going to compose an essay, utilize the opportunity to think of a fantastic topic for it. In reality, the primary purpose of your conclusion is to make certain that every question you posed in the introductory and paragraphs has been supplied an in depth answer to. In conclusion There is an abundance of material to compose an outstanding time management essay. Lots of people face the troubling In time management as all of us know, In a number of the circumstances lack of time are there. The motivation has an immediate influence on the functioning of the entity and there are distinct theories which describe how motivation can be made better, but only few of them are going to be discussed. If you're not having the ability to do better management of workload, you will receive more struck in non-done tasks instantaneously. The aim of time management for students is to lower strain and boost confidence for those exams. The main aim of learning and practicing time management skills is to enhance and enhance the general level of your life. Whether you're a student, homemaker, business person or a working professional if you're in a position to handle your time efficiently, you wouldn't be a long ways from attaining your aims. Business Management Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! Every details in any particular essay normally revolves around a sure idea. It is possible to also take advantage of our essay editing services. In question analysis, you've got to make sure that you fully grasp every portion of the question in order to do not craft things that are impertinent. In the event the question isn't given, you might have to compose your own. Business Manage ment Essay Topics - the Conspiracy Conclusion Time Management is essential for every person. Others are somewhat more difficult. Things You Won't Like About Business Management Essay Topics and Things You Will When the product was manufactured, the most vital responsibility of business manager is to make it compete on the market. Line manager appeared from the industry term Line Management'' and its aim was supposed to administrate all activities that are hold in the business and attempt to maximise level of service providing and output of merchandise. Tips a business manager ought to keep in mind whilst handling a business organization. A business manager has to deal with numerous facets of business. Key Performance Indicators are a tool which you may use to objectively measure your progress in the regions that is important to the success of your unit and your business. Time management is perhaps most essential for whoever owns her or his own company or who runs a business from the home. Classic Management is fine if you need compliance, but should you need innovation and growth, you will need to engage your people on a completely new level. Business Management Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Despite the fact that management is a rather new science, remember that you're still working on an academic paper. Strong referencing of time management essays is totally must-do. Management theories are also called transactional theories. Much like any academic assignment, the principal goal of a management essay is to assess students' knowledge of a certain subject in question. The Business Management Essay Topics Game The outcomes of somebody's efforts are directly credited to the time management skills they develop and often employ in many instances. For organizational culture to be managed in successful fashion, careful evaluation of the modifications to make is vital. Time management affects many distinct individuals in many unique ways daily, since they lack the capability to break things down so they can receive the things done that they should do and be in a position to do them in a timely way. Learning how to quit procrastinating is an important step in learning and implementing time administration. Frequently, folks take time management programs so they can increase the amount of things they can do on a daily basis. Some reason why time management is essential for students are, If you're usually struggling with time management procedure and other things, then making use of any tool is the ideal choice you want to use. Such tools enable you to concentrate on a single task at one time by blocking distractions such as certain sites, email and so on. Some of the greatest time management tools you have to check out are, The very best thing which you can acquire with suitable time management is efficiency.

King Henry IV Part 1 Essay - 900 Words

King Henry IV Part 1 Although most people find it hard to climb out of a whole they have dug themselves into, Prince Hal in Henry IV Part I is able to redeem himself even after the English King and nobility view him as a derelict with no future. He proves himself true to the Royal Throne when he defeats his young rival, Henry Percy. Through the exorcism of his immature ways, he earns himself the succession to the throne. In the opening scene of the play, King Henry hears news from the Earl of Northumberland that Henry Percy, the gallant Hotspur (1.1.52), is leading a successful campaign against Mortimer in Wales. The King reflects on how he wishes his own son were more like Hotspur: Yea, there thou†¦show more content†¦If all the year were playing holidays, To sport would be as tedious as work; (1.2.204) This statement implies that Falstaff is preventing Hal from maturing into the mature royalty that he inevitably must become. The â€Å"foul and ugly mists of vapors† refer to Falstaff, who is constantly surrounding Prince Hal. King Henry, attempting to transform his son into a son he can be proud of, censures his son for participating in barren pleasures (3.2.16) with his vulgar cohorts. At this point the King makes it clear that he is disgusted with his son and that the throne will go to Hals younger, more responsible brother. What the prince earlier soliloquized about, he now communicates to his father. He assures his father that he has been underestimated and he will redeem all this on Percys head (3.2.137). His greatest enemy is Hotspur, not the Northern rebels and Mortimer. The King, exceedingly pleased, places his son in command of the royal forces. Here, the transformation of Prince Hal takes place. He has shed his persona of Falstaffs sweet wag and developed into Henry, Prince of Wales. The Prince heads to Eastcheap Tavern to recruit the hill of flesh (3.3.104), Falstaff to lead foot soldiers in the conquest to smash Percys rebellion. They all go and at the end of the Battle of Shrewsbury, Prince Henry has fulfillsShow MoreRelated King Henry Iv Part 1 Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pages Passage Analysis - Act 5 Scene 1, lines 115-138. Shakespeare’s ‘King Henry IV Part I’ centres on a core theme of the conflict between order and disorder. Such conflict is brought to light by the use of many vehicles, including Hal’s inner conflict, the country’s political and social conflict, the conflict between the court world and the tavern world, and the conflicting moral values of characters from each of these worlds. 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UT Security and Risk Assessment-Samples for Students- Myassignment

Question: Critically analyse the various approaches for Mitigating Security Risk, Including when to use Insurance to transfer IT risk. Answer: Introduction The data protection in the organization is an important part for the development of the organization in the market. There are various risk and security threats to the data and information. This report deals with the IT security landscape, IT security models and controls and IT security treat and risk assessment. This report outlines these three topics in the business organization that helps in the development of the company in the market. Therefore, there are various techniques for initiating the risk assessment process in the organization. IT security and Technology landscape The IT security and technology in the companies have helped in the maintaining the security of the data and information of the company in the market (Ackermann, 2012). The various data and information of the company had need used in the market for various purpose. Therefore, there is a great need of the security of the data and information in the market. The IoT has helped in providing security ti the data and information of the company in the market. The cyber-insurance is a term that is used for recovering the data and information from being lost. There are many cases in which the data and information has been recovered by the companies in the market (Bojanc, Jerman-BlaÃ… ¾i?, 2013). Various protocols help in recovering the data md information in the market. In the other hand, Rieke et al., (2012) argued that there is a least chance of recovering the data and information from being lost. The lost data and information of their company cannot be recovered and it is a complicated pro cess. The IT security and risks has been focused and maintaining the process of the retrieving the data and information regarding the company. IT Security Models and Access controls There are various access control models in the IT that helps in controlling the data ans information in the companies. Role-based Access control The Role-based access control (RBAC) model constitute of the roles that helps in permitting various job to the users. It was developed to overcome the administrative problems that are encountered in the large commercial companies. The major part of the decisions making are dine with the help of the DAC method. The RBAC model is a hierarchical model that helps in maintaining a role model in the field of IT security field (Jaferian et al., 2014). Therefore, it helps in reviewing and relocating the permission of the company. It relates with the cost benefit analysis of the data and information of the company in the market. The security of the data and information the company can be controlled by the RBAC model by controlling the access of the elements in company. The security of the data and information from the cyber-attacks is topmost priority for the company in the market there are several cases of the cyber-attacks that has caused huge data loss ti different companies. On the other hand, Rieke et al., (2012) argued that the RBAC model is not able to control the amount the cyber-attacks as the protocols used in this model are of older version. Therefore, the viruses and malwares can easily penetrate through the security systems in this model. This has been a great loss to the company by using this model. The RBAC model has also helped in maintaining the growth of the company in various fields by securing the data and information of the company (Peltier, 2016). The Hierarchical order of the model has helped in enhancing the performance of the model in the market. Figure 1: RBAC model (Source: Jaferian et al., 2014) Figure 2: IT security and access control framework (Source: Ackermann, 2012) IT security Threat and risk assessment The IT security and threat management is an integral part of the company to be measured. There are various risks are mentioned below in the table. Human Non-Human Hackers Theft (electronically and physically) Non-technical staff (financial/accounting) Accidental Inadequately trained IT staff Backup operators Technicians, Electricians Floods Lightning strikes Plumbing Viruses Fire Electrical Air (dust) Heat control Table 1: List of Risks The risk assessment is a method to identify the risks involved in the IT companies in the market. The above table shows about the different risks that can be vulnerable in the IT companies. The risk assessment helps in analyzing various aspects of the risks in the company. The risk assessment procedure includes the identification of the risks involved in the company and making strategies ti mitigate these risks in the market. There are various levels of risks that are taken into concern including high-level, medium level and low-level risks. The vulnerability of the threats in the IT companies are taken out by the risk assessment process. It is the mechanism of reducing the risks of the data loss in the company. There are several process to control the cyber-attacks in the companies. The firewall re used to restrict the anonymous viruses and malwares. There are various intrusion detection systems are installed in the company that helps in controlling the cyber-attacks in the companie s. The use of the updated firewalls and anti-viruses software helps in reducing the risks of cyber attacking the server of the company (Vacca, 2012). The proper risk management has helped in tracking these activities over the Internet and making the company free form the cyber-attacks. The hackers are restricted ti enter into the security firewall of the server. Conclusion It can be concluded that the IT security and technology in the companies have helped in the maintaining the security of the data and information of the company in the market. The various data and information of the company had need used in the market for various purpose. Therefore, there is a great need of the security of the data and information in the market. The RBAC model has helped in maintaining the IT security and access control in the company References Ackermann, T. (2012). IT security risk management: perceived IT security risks in the context of Cloud Computing. Springer Science Business Media. Bojanc, R., Jerman-BlaÃ… ¾i?, B. (2013). A quantitative model for information-security risk management. Engineering Management Journal, 25(2), 25-37. Jaferian, P., Hawkey, K., Sotirakopoulos, A., Velez-Rojas, M., Beznosov, K. (2014). Heuristics for evaluating IT security management tools. HumanComputer Interaction, 29(4), 311-350. Peltier, T. R. (2016). Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Rieke, R., Coppolino, L., Hutchison, A., Prieto, E., Gaber, C. (2012, October). Security and Reliability Requirements for Advanced Security Event Management. In MMM-ACNS (pp. 171-180). Vacca, J. R. (2012). Computer and information security handbook. Newnes.

Research Paper on David Henry Hwang an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Research Paper on David Henry Hwang David Henry Hwang as an American Playwright David Henry Hwang was born on August 11, 1957. He was born in Los Angeles, California ("M. Butterfly: Author Biography). He took his education at the Stanford University and at the Yale School of Drama. He is commonly known of being an American playwright. He specializes in writing dramatic literature or drama which also branded him as a dramatist. Need essay sample on "Research Paper on David Henry Hwang" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Most of the plays done by David Henry Hwang were concentrated to the role of the Chinese-American and Asian American in the modern day world. His first play entitled Fresh-Off the Boat won the Off-Broadway Theater Awards. The play had portrayed the conflicts between the Asian American and the Fresh-Off the Boat novice immigrants. Many more plays were produced by Hwang after the successful Fresh-Off the Boat. The play entitled The Dance and the Railroad was a Pulitzer Prize nominee. The drama is all about the story of former Chinese opera star who worked as a coolie laborer in the mid 1800s. The drama entitled Family Endeavor focused on the darkly comic take on the effects of the Western religion on a Chinese family. Among the many awards he have received throughout his life an a playwright are the awards from the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, the association for Asian Pacific American Artists, the Museums of Chinese in the America, the East West Players and the Organization of the Chinese Americans, the Media Action Network for Asian Americans and many other important awards from many institutions. He had also played the role as spokesmen for the community he had grown up. As a spokesman for the Asian American community, he was somewhat considered it as an opportunity at the same time a burden. The reason for this is that he was compared to Maxine Hong Kingston. People always thought that he knows everything about what Asians really feel (Albert 2). Inclusion of David Henry Hwang in todays Literary Canon Literary canon is defined as a body of literature and art that is considered to characterize the civilization by a widespread agreement. Moreover, literary canon also is referred to as the established body of works which are known to be the major or the best and as acknowledged to as literary classics by agreement of critics, scholars and teachers (Goodvin 1).The inclusion of a particular author say for example of the American playwright David Henry Hwang means that he had certain privileges that seemed to be obvious. The board of decision makers of the literary canon includes people like influential critics, directors of the museums together with their board of trustees. Lowly teachers and scholars also made up the gatekeepers of the stronghold culture included in the literary canon. The inclusion to the canon means that an author is awarded the assurance of quality and most specially assurance of high artistic quality. The aut hor being assured of high artistic quality means that he had also gained a promise and an agreement that his piece is something to be acknowledged as an artistic one as announced to the all the viewers. A drama, poem, sonata, or dance that had been included in the literary canon had already established a powerful division from the others since it will survive in the any situation (Landow 3-4). The literary canon is considered to be a deep flawed. This is one important argument in the courses of the debates against the literary canon. The canon had many flaws such that it only includes works done by the male. To where will the important works of the female writers will go if they are abandoned by the canon. Another important flaw of the literary canon is that it is only concentrated in the Western culture. How about the important works that was done in the South America, India or China? The bias between the literary canons which is simply referred to as the Western culture had created a notion that the Western culture is above other cultures since it was greatly popularized than the other cultures. The inclusion of David Henry Hwang in the literary canon is I think valid enough (at least in the gatekeepers of high cultures point of view) since the Southern culture is what is included in most of the works he had done. But the argument that I will present regarding the inclusion of such a very good playwright in the literary canon is that it is not appropriate to include him in the literary canon (as my point of view). The reason behind this thinking is that when an author is included in the literary canon, his works will be appreciated mostly by all the viewers since it is the ones recommended only for reading and viewing. It was also stated earlier that the literary canon is most commonly referred to as the Western culture. This means that his works will only be circulating upon the walls of the Western culture. Since the Southern culture, the Indian, and all the other culture had been considering that the literary canon is the Western culture, they will not be able to read or view the works done by those authors included in the canon. The reason for this is they will not patronize the culture that had shown unbiased judging to their culture. Another reason why I dont agree to the inclusion of David Henry Hwang in the literary canon is that the feminist who question the inclusion of only white male authors in the canon. I agree to the point of the many believers about the inclusion of anyones work in the literary canon should be the thing to happen and bias of choosing who are in the canon should be eliminated. Everybodys works no matter what race and gender they belong should be fairly treated by the gatekeepers of the literary canon. Another important tissue that I would like to include in the disagreement of the inclusion of Henry David Hwang in the literary canon is that the entrance and exit of the works in the literary canon is continuously happening. This is because when a new one (new piece) is included in the canon, an old one which is already in the canon should be removed to give a place to the new one. The works done by David Henry Hwang were one the best in terms of drama that should be kept in the literary canon for a lifetime and not to be removed when something new will arrive. The works done by this author should be acknowledged for a lifetime since they are created without any hesitations of combining the Chinese and the American culture. In my point of view, even though that the works of David Henry Hwang were not being able to included in the literary canon, the works can still stand alone because it will be patronize by many viewers and readers. The name of David Henry Hwang is already establis hed in the society of arts so he will not have any problems in promoting his works. It was stated in the aims of the literary canon that if a work is being included in the canon, it is secured that it will be the ones prioritized for reading and viewing. The literary canon had been somewhat mistaken in these insight. The people are the readers and the viewers, and as for me, I am a viewer or maybe a reader, I will choose neither the books I will read nor the plays I will view that would suit my likes. I dont agree by the claim that when someone authoritatively recommended a book or a play to a particular person, that person will follow what is recommended. For the intelligent and educated readers and viewers, their choice will not only cover those in the recommended books or plays but their choice will focus a wide array despite if it is included or not in the literary canon. As a contribution to the ethnic theater, the plays created by David Henry Hwang had showcased a radiant and multifaceted analysis which was purely centered to issues concerning race and gender. Most of the plays written by David Henry Hwang depict an ideological duality with each other. Critics have always identified his plays as a confrontation between two opposing characters or sometimes two opposing cultures that emphasizes that one is weaker and the other one is stronger. David Henry Hwang justified that his plays were not depicting the confrontation of two opposing characters but it is more than that. He has said in his one of the interview that In The Dance and the Railroad play, the issue that was prevalent is that the trading positions of the two characters. In the play, the two positions were not clearly defined but they are related in terms of their power. His plays were almost concentrated with two cultures, the American and the Chinese culture. This is not one of the aim or objective of the literary canon. The literary canon is simply branded as the Western Culture and Chinese culture is not included in the works chosen to be included in the canon. But David Henry Hwang had successfully included the two cultures in his plays, whereas, his work should not be included in the literary canon for that reason alone. Most of the plays done by David Henry Hwang were also very sympathetic to the gender (women characteristics) and were conscious of se and gender issues. This is another issue that is with conflict with the literary canon inclusion of the works of Hwang. The literary canon is sensitive in the issues regarding gender and racism. Thus, literary canon is not very considerate when it comes to the issues regarding sex and race. The justification that David Henry Hwang had given by this claim is that he grew up surrounded with a lot of strong women. He also pointed out that the traditional culture of the Chinese were really cruel to women. This is the reason why he doesnt believe that women are submissive to men. Even though the culture of the Chinese is oppressive to women, the Chinese women in return have survival ways on how to suppress the cruelty they have experienced. These background of the Chinese cultures have pushed him to include about the characters that portrays the women and t hat is why he became sensitive of the issues regarding the sexism and even gender. He aimed to his plays that women should be given respect as compared to the respect he is gaining as an American (Albert 4-5). Works Cited: Albert, Michael. The Canon. Fairleigh Dickinson University. (1999) Goodvin, Renee. A Canon of Classic Novels. The Literary Explorer. (2005) Landow, George. The Literary Canon. (1989). 29 July 2007.http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/canon/litcan.html Lyons, Bonnie. Making His Muscles Work for Himself: An Interview with David Henry Hwang. (Asian American Playwright). The Literary Review (1999). "M. Butterfly: Author Biography." Drama for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 11. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes.com.